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SERSD Video

Sensors: CCD vs. CMOS

3/26/2016

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How These Digital Sensors Work
This video to the left gives a very basic visual demonstration of the differences between each sensor. CCD sensors work in rows while the CMOS sensors register individual information at each pixel and then shuffle the information to a master unit. Look below for more information about each sensor.
CMOS Senors
  • Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor
  • Widely used in consumer grade cameras
  • Note: Every pixel has its own reader, which registers the exposure and then all the readers sent to one master unit at a time to create the overall exposure for the picture.
CCD Sensors
  • Charged Coupled Device
  • Used in larger format cameras
  • No wide use in consumer cameras
  • Note: Every row of pixels has a storage element for the electrons. In this storage unit, after every picture is taken, photons release electrons, which are then counted in the storage unit to calculate exposure. 
Errors with Sensors and the Real Differences
There are issues with digital sensors such as motion fragmenting and rolling "jelly" shutter effects. Make sure you're using the right sensor for your project. For example, if you're going to film quite a lot of motion where the camera itself is moving around then you may want to use a CCD sensor camera. However, if you're not doing much movement and the camera will be locked down with a relatively static frame then CMOS sensors will work just fine. 
NOTE: Make sure to do the right research before you begin your project to make sure you get the results you desire. There are hundreds of brands and cameras out there. Make sure you know what you're using and why you're using it.
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Multiple Exposure Photography

3/26/2016

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Controlling exposure in photography is challenging for some students to wrap their minds around. There are three settings that work together to control motion, light, depth of field, and quality of the overall image. 
Shown in the image to the right: 
  • Aperture - Depth of Field
  • Shutter Speed - Motion
  • ISO - Image Quality 
Picture
Mastering Shutter Speed
Picture
Mastering ONE LONG Exposure
Review content and examples on http://www.photomatters.org/multiple-exposure
  • Math required to take a photograph with multiple exposures
  • Black room or space without light
  • Camera settings (10+ second shutter, aperture to capture motion, low ISO)
  • Lighting instruments (flashlight, phone light, flash, lights flicked)
  • Choreographed movement for subject
  • Covering for camera vs. uncovered camera between shots
Picture
Note: The information presented at the above mentioned example (shown left, here) encourages the use of a strobe flash to achieve the shown effect. However, a strobe flash is not required. Students should instead focus on the use of a manual shutter using a black card or even the photographer's hand to block light as the subject moves to each position. 

Examples Images and the Math Used
The technical elements are shown at the right. Note the four separate positions without blur in between. The photographer did a 25 second long exposure (for both examples shown above) with 4-5 seconds per position. He then covered the lens for a second to allow the model to transition to the next pose. Repeat. 
Picture
This student used a motorized board to move himself forward without having to change positions. He chose to leave the shutter open during transitions to create the streak. You can tell where he held still for longer because his image is much clearer. He shot with a 15 second exposure for all the images shown above.
Picture
These images were done with glow stick rings around the subject's hands. He shot with 10 second exposures and moved his quickly and in repeated motion. The shutter was open the entire time without manual shutter (hand/card).
Picture
The photographer used a laser light strapped to a light stand. Then four students held mirrors in a square. The settings varied only slightly. For the most part, the photographer used 10 second exposures to capture the laser. Longer exposures did not yield better results.
Picture
Water slows dye down substantially already, but by using a slow shutter the photographer was able to capture stronger and richer swirls of the two separate colors. These images were shot with a 25 second exposure with a 500 watt tungsten light to the right with a white umbrella. Aperture set f22.
Picture
The shot with all three boys was done with each boy present for 2-3 seconds with a split second of transition for them to move out of and into position. The photograph capped her hand over the lens to act as a manual shutter as each boy moved. This prevented any motion blur.
Picture
The photographer set the shutter to a 30 second exposure, pausing for 5 seconds at each position. The then varied between caping his hand over the lens and not to create the streaks. The final images are from an un-choreographed light saber battle with a 10 second exposure. 
Picture
The photographer used a glow stick to wave behind a static subject for 15 seconds. The student's face in the background can be seen when he holds in one position too long while waving the glow stick as the glow lights up his face as well as the subject.
Picture
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Developing Film

3/25/2016

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Depending on the type of film you've shot and the type of developer you're using, you will need to develop your film for longer or shorter periods of time. Below is a development chart for most of the major types of film based on Kodak D-76 developer. If you cannot find your film on this then search around online.
     Film Type                          Developer  Dilution       ISO       35mm   120     Sheet    Temp.
Picture
http://www.digitaltruth.com/devchart.php?Developer=D-76&mdc=Search
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Pinhole Cameras

3/25/2016

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Technical Elements

Must Haves for a Camera:
  • Black Box : Box or Can 
  • Shutter : Tape or Board
  • Lens : Pinhole
  • Recording Medium : Film

Basic Pinhole Setups

Round (Simple) Pinhole Camera

Pinhole cameras simply require a black box (a can), shutter (piece of tape), lens (pinhole), and recording medium (film).   

Square (Complex) Pinhole Camera

You can make a pinhole camera out of just about any material. This is a sample of a more professionally produced model.

DSLR Pinhole Camera

Digital Pinhole cameras struggle with depth of field, leaving most of the images blurry. Take a look at samples.

Matchbox Pinhole Camera 

Again, you can make a pinhole camera out of just about anything. Matchboxes are great!
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Elements of Photography

3/1/2016

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elements_of_design.pdf
File Size: 4164 kb
File Type: pdf
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